Tag: 1940s poetry

Haiku from Seventeen Syllables by Hisaye Yamamoto

August 20, 2025

“Haiku from Seventeen Syllables” by Hisaye Yamamoto

it was so much easier to say yes, yes, even when one meant no.

About the author Hisaye Yamamoto

Haiku, Silence, and Struggle in Seventeen Syllables

In Hisaye Yamamoto’s short story Seventeen Syllables, a deceptively simple English-language haiku emerges as a subtle but powerful symbol of emotional restraint, generational divide, and the burden of cultural expectations. The phrase, “It is so much easier to say yes, yes, even if one meant no,” carries deep thematic weight as it encapsulates the central conflict between a Nisei daughter, Rosie, and her Issei mother, Tome, who finds expression and fleeting joy through composing Japanese haiku. The line may appear offhand at first, but under close examination, it becomes a poignant reflection of silent resistance, suppressed identity, and a quiet plea for understanding.

Yamamoto’s Arizona Connection: Writing Through Internment

Before we explore this line further, it’s important to understand the author behind it. Hisaye Yamamoto, a pioneering Japanese-American writer, was imprisoned at the Poston War Relocation Center in Arizona during World War II. Like many others of Japanese descent, Yamamoto and her family were forcibly removed from their home and detained for years behind barbed wire in the Arizona desert. While interned, she wrote for the Poston Chronicle, the camp newspaper, and began cultivating the voice that would later distinguish her fiction.

Yamamoto’s stories, particularly Seventeen Syllables, are deeply informed by this trauma of incarceration, but they also explore the quieter, more intimate struggles within Japanese-American families—especially between mothers and daughters navigating language, identity, and survival in a divided America.

Summary: A Mother’s Voice, A Daughter’s Silence

The story Seventeen Syllables centers on the relationship between Tome, an Issei mother who writes haiku, and Rosie, her teenage Nisei daughter who is more concerned with her budding romantic interest in a boy named Jesus Carrasco. As the mother becomes increasingly consumed with her poetry, winning recognition in a local Japanese-language paper, her American-born daughter remains emotionally and linguistically distant, unable to comprehend her mother’s devotion or sorrow.

Throughout the story, Tome reads her poems aloud to Rosie, seeking connection and affirmation. Rosie, however, can only offer polite nods and automatic approval. She finds it easier to say “yes, yes” rather than confront her confusion or disinterest—hiding her emotional detachment with passive affirmation. The story culminates in a powerful, emotional outburst in which Tome reveals her traumatic history and pleads with Rosie to promise she will never marry. Rosie, once again, quietly complies.

Analysis: Haiku as a Symbol of Disconnection and Survival

The casual haiku—“It is so much easier to say yes, yes, even if one meant no”—functions on multiple levels. On the surface, it reflects Rosie’s immediate emotional coping mechanism: to avoid tension, she offers approval she doesn’t feel. But more deeply, the line encapsulates the silent endurance of women—especially immigrant women like Tome—who suffer emotional pain without protest, navigating cultural and familial expectations with quiet acquiescence.

Haiku, a Japanese poetic form built on brevity (the length is confined to seventeen syllables) and layered imagery, becomes a central symbol in the story. Tome’s haiku practice represents her attempt to reclaim identity, artistry, and emotional agency in a life dominated by domestic labor and an emotionally abusive husband. Yet, her daughter’s inability to fully engage with the meaning of haiku, or the Japanese language itself, mirrors the growing gap between generations—between cultural roots and American assimilation.

Rosie’s “yes, yes” is not just about politeness. It is about powerlessness, about the learned behavior of suppressing dissent for the sake of harmony. It’s a mantra of compliance passed down to daughters, a gesture of love wrapped in silence. The haiku’s meaning reaches beyond the mother-daughter dynamic to touch on a broader experience of marginalized women, who often find themselves silenced not just by language, but by society.

The Lingering Legacy of Internment and Inheritance

Yamamoto’s life and work embody the complicated layers of trauma, identity, and survival for Japanese Americans during and after World War II. Her time at the Poston internment camp in Arizona was not only a formative personal experience but also a defining influence on her literary career. The quiet, restrained beauty of her stories—much like haiku itself—hides deep reservoirs of pain, longing, and resistance.

Discover More About Hisaye Yamamoto

To learn more about Hisaye Yamamoto’s life, her literary achievements, and her connection to Arizona through her internment at the Poston camp, visit her AZPoetry.com poet bio page.

Explore how this remarkable writer gave voice to generations of women, immigrants, and the quietly resilient.

Hisaye Yamamoto

April 14, 2025

Hisaye Yamamoto: A Master of the Short Story and Voice of Japanese-American Experience

Hisaye Yamamoto (August 23, 1921 – January 30, 2011) was a groundbreaking Japanese-American writer and poet, best known for her acclaimed short story collection Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories. With her roots in Southern California and a terrible, yet powerful, connection to Arizona through her imprisonment at the Poston Internment Camp during World War II. Her writing illuminates the silent spaces between generations, cultures, and identities—particularly among Japanese Americans navigating life during and after internment.

A fierce literary voice marked by precision, subtlety, and emotional clarity, Yamamoto is celebrated on AZPoetry.com for her influence on American literature, as well as her profound survival and meaningful exploration of identity, language, and resilience.

From Strawberry Fields to the Written Word

Born in Redondo Beach, California, Hisaye Yamamoto was the daughter of Issei (first-generation Japanese) parents who worked as strawberry farmers amid oil fields. As a young girl, she developed a passion for reading and writing. By the age of 14, she was already publishing under the pen name “Napoleon.” Her early love for language became a foundation for her storytelling, rooted in the tension between her Japanese heritage and her American upbringing as a Nisei (second-generation Japanese American).

Yamamoto’s youthful voice flourished in the English-language sections of Japanese-American newspapers, foreshadowing the themes that would later define her career: generational conflict, gender roles, and cultural dislocation.

Life at Poston: Arizona’s Impact on Yamamoto’s Work

At age 20, Yamamoto and her family were imprisoned at the Poston War Relocation Center in southern Arizona following the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This internment camp experience, filled with loss and hardship—including the death of her brother Johnny, who was killed in action while serving in the U.S. Army’s 442nd Regimental Combat Team—profoundly shaped her worldview and creative voice.

While incarcerated at Poston, Yamamoto worked for the Poston Chronicle, the camp’s newspaper, where she published fiction and reported on daily life. One of her earliest fictional works, the serialized mystery Death Rides the Rails to Poston, originated here and would later be included in her collected stories. These formative years at Poston solidified her role as both witness and chronicler of a dark chapter in American history.

Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories: An American Literary Classic

Yamamoto’s most famous work, Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories, was first published in 1988 by Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press and later expanded by Rutgers University Press. These stories, written over four decades, explore the emotional terrain of Japanese-American families, especially the women, whose voices were often silenced or ignored.

Among the best-known stories are:

“Seventeen Syllables” – exploring a Nisei girl’s romantic awakening alongside her mother’s struggle for artistic expression through haiku, and the oppression she faces at the hands of her husband.
“Yoneko’s Earthquake” – portraying a daughter’s discovery of her mother’s hidden relationship with a Filipino farmworker.
“The Legend of Miss Sasagawara” – set in the Poston internment camp, this story reveals the misunderstood inner life of a Buddhist priest’s daughter who appears mentally ill.
“The High-Heeled Shoes” – a memoir-style exploration of sexual harassment and gendered violence in mid-century America.

These stories center on the unspoken—on silences within families, internalized trauma, cultural estrangement, and the roles women are forced to play in both Japanese and American societies. Her style, often likened to haiku, is compressed, poetic, and powerfully understated.

Life Beyond the Page: Catholic Worker, Family, and Perseverance

After the war, Yamamoto wrote for the Los Angeles Tribune, an African-American newspaper, where she gained firsthand insight into the complex racial dynamics of postwar America. Her memoir “Fire in Fontana” recounts the Fontana Ku Klux Klan firebombing of a Black family’s home—another example of her commitment to social justice and racial equity.

In 1953, she declined a writing fellowship at Stanford to live and volunteer at a Catholic Worker rehabilitation farm in Staten Island, practicing the philosophy of voluntary poverty and activism. She married Anthony DeSoto in 1955 and raised five children in Los Angeles while continuing to write, despite struggling to find time as a full-time homemaker. She once remarked, “Very little time is spent writing. But if somebody told me I couldn’t write, it would probably grieve me very much.”

Recognition and Awards

Yamamoto’s writing gained national and international acclaim, though she often shied away from fame. Among her honors:

Before Columbus Foundation’s American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement (1986)
Association for Asian American Studies Award for Literature (1988)
Asian American Writers’ Workshop Lifetime Achievement Award (2010)
Best American Short Stories (1952) for “Yoneko’s Earthquake”

Her work has been widely anthologized and adapted, including the American Playhouse special Hot Summer Winds (1991), which brought her stories to a national television audience.

Legacy: A Voice for the Silenced

Hisaye Yamamoto’s work continues to resonate with readers exploring race, gender, and the immigrant experience. Her influence is felt not only in Asian American literature but across the broader landscape of American letters. Her stories are frequently taught in university courses on literature, ethnic studies, and women’s studies.

Her time at the Poston camp connects her to Arizona’s historical and literary legacy, and her influence can be felt in the poetry and prose of Arizona writers today, including tributes in programs like the Alzheimer’s Poetry Project and other works celebrating her contribution to memory, resilience, and voice.

Explore More from Hisaye Yamamoto

Hisaye Yamamoto’s life and work are a vital part of Arizona’s literary heritage. Visit her AZPoetry.com poet bio page to learn more about her stories, internment-era writing, and her indelible impact on American literature.

The Dude Wrangler by Gail Gardner

April 2, 2025

“The Dude Wrangler” by Gail Gardner

I’ll tell you of a sad, sad story,
Of how a cowboy fell from grace,
Now really this is something awful,
There never was so sad a case.

One time I had myself a pardner,
I never knowed one half so good;
We throwed our outfits in together,
And lived the way that cowboys should.

He savvied all about wild cattle,
And he was handy with a rope,
For a gentle, well-reined pony,
Just give me one that he had broke.

He never owned no clothes but Levis,
He wore them until they was slick,
And he never wore no great big Stetson,
‘Cause where we rode the brush was thick.

He never had no time for women,
So bashful and so shy was he,
Besides he knowed that they was poison,
And so he always let them be.

Watch Cowboy Poet Baxter Black Recite Gail Gardner’s “The Dude Wrangler” on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson

About the poet Gail Gardner

Gail Gardner’s classic cowboy poem “The Dude Wrangler” paints a humorous yet poignant picture of a cowboy’s descent from rugged authenticity to something… quite unexpected. Told from the perspective of a fellow cowhand, the poem begins with admiration for his old partner—a tough, skillful cowboy who once embodied the gritty ideals of the American West. But as the poem unfolds, readers witness the narrator’s dismay at his pardner’s transformation into a “dude wrangler,” catering to tourists and losing the essence of his cowboy soul.

Summary of “The Dude Wrangler”

The narrator recounts the virtues of his former riding partner, a man with true cowboy grit. This pardner was an expert at handling wild cattle, an exceptional horseman, and so dedicated to the cowboy life that he wore nothing but Levi’s and rode horses he broke himself. He had no use for flashy hats or romantic entanglements—he was all about the work, the land, and the simple life.

However, things take a tragicomic turn when the partner, once a symbol of stoic cowboy values, “falls from grace.” Though the poem cuts off here, the title “The Dude Wrangler” (and its well-known full version) gives away the punchline: the once-proud cowboy has become a guide for “dudes” (city slickers and tourists), donning fancy clothes and entertaining guests who only want to play at being cowboys. It’s a betrayal of the old ways, and the narrator’s sorrow is layered with gentle mockery.

Analysis of the Poem’s Themes and Style

Gail Gardner, one of Arizona’s most beloved cowboy poets, brings humor, irony, and affection to “The Dude Wrangler.” The poem plays on the tension between tradition and change—between the authentic cowboy lifestyle and the commercialization of the West. The narrator’s nostalgic tone reflects a broader cultural anxiety: the fear that the true cowboy is becoming an endangered species, replaced by tourism and spectacle.

Stylistically, Gardner uses plainspoken language and rhythmic, musical verse to mirror the storytelling traditions of working cowboys. The use of cowboy slang (“pardner,” “Levis,” “Stetson”) grounds the poem in its Western setting and gives readers a sense of its authenticity. The poem’s charm lies in its simplicity and sincerity—it’s a light-hearted lament, a tall tale with a heart.

Baxter Black Revives the Classic on National TV

This beloved poem gained even wider recognition when Baxter Black, another iconic Arizona cowboy poet, performed “The Dude Wrangler” on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. Black’s performance, full of theatrical flair and comedic timing, brought Gardner’s words to life for a national audience. It was a perfect pairing: Black, like Gardner, understood the delicate balance between honoring cowboy tradition and laughing at its quirks.

Baxter’s rendition celebrated Gardner’s storytelling while showing how cowboy poetry can connect people across generations. It also marked a rare moment when cowboy poetry was broadcast on one of the biggest stages in American pop culture.

📚 Want to learn more about cowboy poetry in Arizona?

Explore the life and legacy of Gail Gardner, the Prescott cowboy and poet who penned “The Dude Wrangler.”
Discover the unforgettable humor and heart of Baxter Black, a modern cowboy poet who brought Western storytelling to millions.
Browse AZPoetry.com’s growing collection of cowboy poets and keep the spirit of the West alive—one verse at a time.

Marty Robbins

March 7, 2025

Marty Robbins: Arizona’s Balladeer of the American West

Marty Robbins, born Martin David Robinson on September 26, 1925, in Glendale, Arizona, was a prolific singer-songwriter whose poetic storytelling and masterful songwriting defined Western balladry for generations. Known for his evocative lyrics and rich narratives, Robbins brought the spirit of the American West to life through his music, making him one of the most celebrated songwriters in country and western history. Over his nearly four-decade career, Robbins crafted over 500 songs, including the timeless “El Paso” and “Big Iron”, both of which remain among the Top 100 Western Songs of All Time, as ranked by the Western Writers of America.

From Arizona Roots to National Stardom

Raised in Glendale, Arizona, Robbins’ musical foundation was shaped by the vivid storytelling of his maternal grandfather, Texas Bob Heckle, who regaled him with tales of the Wild West. His time in the U.S. Navy during World War II also played a crucial role in his musical development, as he taught himself to play the guitar and began writing songs while stationed in the Solomon Islands. Upon returning home, he honed his craft in Phoenix’s clubs and radio stations, quickly gaining a local following before signing with Columbia Records in the early 1950s.

A Songwriter with a Poet’s Heart

Robbins’ lyrics read like poetry, painting cinematic landscapes of gunfights, outlaws, and doomed romance in the rugged terrain of the Southwest. His most iconic track, “El Paso” (1959), a Grammy Award-winning ballad, tells the tragic tale of a cowboy’s love and demise in the titular Texas town. The song, with its vivid imagery and dramatic storytelling, became a cultural touchstone, covered by numerous artists, including the Grateful Dead and Elvis Presley.

Beyond his Western ballads, Robbins’ versatility as a songwriter and poet shined through in his diverse catalog, spanning pop, country, rockabilly, and outlaw country. Songs like “A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation,” “Don’t Worry,” and “Devil Woman” showcased his ability to blend poetic lyricism with mainstream appeal, earning him commercial success across genres.

A Lasting Legacy in Music and Culture

Robbins was not only a Country Music Hall of Fame inductee but also named Artist of the Decade (1960s) by the Academy of Country Music. His songs continue to influence modern music and pop culture, appearing in films, television shows, and video games such as Fallout: New Vegas. His songwriting remains an inspiration for modern country artists, proving that the art of poetic storytelling through song never fades.

On December 8, 1982, Marty Robbins passed away at the age of 57, but his music endures as a testament to the power of poetic songwriting. His ability to craft lyrical narratives filled with adventure, romance, and the spirit of the American West solidifies his place as one of Arizona’s most legendary poets in song.